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Repeated evolution: Live birth originated independently 150+ times
Darwinian world of miracles: Phylogenetic analyses indicate that viviparity (live-bearing reproduction) has originated independently in more than 150 vertebrate lineages, including a minimum of 115 clades of extant squamate reptiles. Other evolutionary origins of viviparity include 13 origins among bony fishes, nine among chondrichthyans, eight in amphibians, one in Paleozoic placoderms, six among extinct reptiles, […]
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Repeated evolution of venom: 100+ independent origins of complex chemical mixtures
Venoms are complex mixtures of enzymes and proteins of various sizes, amines, lipids, nucleosides, and carbohydrates. Venoms also contain various metal ions that are presumed to act as cofactors and include sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and zinc. Spiders are one of the most successful venomous animals, with more than 48,000 described species. Most spider venoms […]
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Multi-level repeated evolution of complex traits: 94 independent origins of bioluminescence
First things first: Bioluminescence is the production of light by living organisms, the light emitted by organisms such as glow-worms, deep-sea fish, fireflies and others. And now some words from Darwinian fantasy storytellers ( from a mainstream article, published December 2020): We argue that bioluminescence, a complex trait that evolved dozens of times through either […]
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Researchers: Crabs evolved repeatedly at least five times. What ? Is it some kind of joke ?
Obviously, in a Darwinian fantasy world of random mutation everything is possible. at Popular Mechanics: Animals Keep Evolving Into Crabs, Which Is Somewhat Disturbing It’s not just superficial shape that unifies the five evolved crab forms. The paper details neurological commonalities, shared circulatory systems, and more, while also detailing the organ and systems that differ […]
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Repeated evolution of multilayered reflective metallic surface in unrelated insects
as you will see, a series of miraculous events happened a long time ago, when at the same moment, several unrelated lineages of insects ‘invented’ multilayered reflective metallic surface. Let me repeat – this miracle should have happened at the same evolutionary moment, INDEPENDENTLY, in various unrelated species, 99 millions years ago. By random mutations. […]
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Repeated evolution of placental structures: Evolved, devolved, and re-evolved many times
Obviously, evolutionary biologists believe in some kind of magic – it would be a miracle if such a placental structure would evolve once, by random unguided process without foresight, because placental structures require an interaction / cooperation of both, the mother and fetus. However, here we read, that the miracle happened many times. First, these […]
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Repeated evolution: Gastropod’s coiled shell
from a mainstream paper: The re-evolution of a coiled shell, or any complex character, is considered unlikely or impossible (Dollo’s law) because the loss of the character is followed by the loss of the genetic architecture and developmental mechanisms that underlie that character. Here, we quantify the level of coiling in calyptraeids, a family of […]
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Repeated evolution of compound eyes: one of two seemingly very unlikely evolutionary histories must be true
From PNAS.ORG: These results illustrate exactly why arthropod compound eye evolution has remained controversial, because one of two seemingly very unlikely evolutionary histories must be true. Either compound eyes with detailed similarities evolved multiple times in different arthropod groups or compound eyes have been lost in a seemingly inordinate number of arthropod lineages http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/99/3/1426.full.pdf These […]
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Repeated evolution: The same retroviral gene coopted independently by unrelated species to aid reproduction
… in other words: a species gets infected by a virus, the virus inserts a part of its own viral-DNA into the species genome. Later on, a very complex placental structure starts emerging in the infected species – and everything is ready for modified reproduction … and, of course, the modified reproduction works flawlessly from […]
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Repeated evolution: Complex brains and high intelligence evolved many times independently
… yes, that miracle happened not once, but many times…independently … it seems that most miracles happen in biology … over and over again … Within the animal kingdom, complex brains and high intelligence have evolved several to many times independently, e.g. among ecdysozoans in some groups of insects (e.g. blattoid, dipteran, hymenopteran taxa), among […]